Page 45 - NAMAH-Jul-2021

Namah Multi-sensory approaches of music in the brain — II

• Endogenous Opioid System and DA systems are associated with reward
• Serotonin System mechanisms, motivational aspects and plea-
• Neuro-endocrine systems-1 (posterior sure.
pituitary)
• Neuro-endocrine systems-2 (anterior Serotonin system
pituitary) The raphe nuclei of the brainstem
• Norepinephrine System synthesised Serotonin (5-HT). Serotonin is
• Cholinergic System related to the induction of behavioural states
• such as stress and emotional behaviour
as well as directly implicated in various
psychiatric and neurologic disorders.
Serotonin association with depression,
anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, dementia and post-traumatic
stress disorder is well documented. Many
studies revealed the relationship
between music and Serotonin as music
is used as a modulator for various activities
in the brain associated with emotions, along
with musical activities that can influence
Dopamine system social behaviour and interaction.
Dopamine (DA) is synthesised in the cytosol
of catecholaminergic neurons in the ventral Neuro-endocrine systems — 1
tegmental area VTA and in the substantia nigra Oxytocin (OT) and Arginine Vasopressin
pars compacta of the brain. The DA pathways (AV) are two neuro-peptides released from
are commonly called mesocorticolimbic and the posterior pituitary. Many research
nigro-striatal pathways. The first pathway papers have supported the findings of a close
is associated with emotional/motivational association between the neuro-endocrine system
functions, whereas the second is associated and social behaviour, social cognition,
with cognitive/executive and sensorimotor reproductive behaviour, social affiliation and
functions. some implications in psychiatric disorders,
such as autism spectrum disorders. Several
Endogenous Opioid system studies advocated peripheral OT responses
The central endogenous opioid system (EOS) to musical activities.
namely consists of three opioid peptides,
including b-endorphin, enkephalins, and dy- Neuro-endocrine systems — 2
norphin. The EOS involves various functions, This system, referred to as the hypothalamic-
including pain modulation, reward, stress pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, releases
responses and autonomic control. Central cortisol as its main effector hormone,
EOS plays an important role in the pleasure which plays a pivotal role in circadian
and positive affect induced by music, which and stress regulation. Several research
act synergistically with Dopamine. Both EOS papers investigate cortisol as a stress

45